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Dose equivalent calculates the effect of radiation on human tissue.
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Common measurements for absorbed dose include rad, or r adiation absorbed dose, and Gray, or Gy. Ībsorbed dose is a term used to describe how much energy that radiation deposits in a material. Deterministic effects (harmful tissue reactions) are due to the killing/malfunction of cells following high doses and stochastic effects involve either cancer development in exposed individuals caused by mutation of somatic cells, or heritable disease in their offspring from mutation of reproductive (germ) cells. There are two general categories of adverse health effects caused by radiation exposure: deterministic effects and stochastic effects. Each type of test carries its own amount of radiation exposure. Common medical tests and treatments involving radiation include X-rays, CT scans, mammography, lung ventilation and perfusion scans, bone scans, cardiac perfusion scan, angiography, radiation therapy, and more. Medical exposure is defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection as exposure incurred by patients as part of their own medical or dental diagnosis or treatment by persons, other than those occupationally exposed, knowingly, while voluntarily helping in the support and comfort of patients and by volunteers in a programme of biomedical research involving their exposure. It is defined as the electric charge freed by such radiation in a specified volume of air divided by the mass of that air. Radiation exposure is a measure of the ionization of air due to ionizing radiation from photons.
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These types of radiation can easily penetrate the human body because of high energy. Examples of electromagnetic radiation includes X-rays and gamma rays (see photo "Types of Electromagnetic Radiation"). Electromagnetic radiation consists of photons, which can be thought of as energy packets, traveling in the form of a wave. Ionizing radiation is further categorized into electromagnetic radiation (without matter) and particulate radiation (with matter). Radiation is a moving form of energy, classified into ionizing and non-ionizing type.